Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a viral disease of the liver transmitted via the faecal-oral route. It is typically acquired through consuming food and/or water that has been contaminated by an infected person’s faeces, however some sexual practices can also facilitate transmission. Unlike hepatitis B and C, infection with hepatitis A provides life-long immunity and does not cause chronic disease. The infection is rarely fatal in people aged under 40 years.
Hepatitis A is common in areas with poor sanitation and restricted access to clean water. It occurs in most African and Asian countries, as well as countries in Central and South America and Eastern Europe. Epidemics of hepatitis A are uncommon but still occur in high-risk groups.
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Symptoms
The onset of symptoms of hepatitis A generally ranges from 15 to 50 days. Symptoms include fever, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, joint aches and pains, vomiting and jaundice. Those who become infected with this disease are often incapacitated for an average of two months; it can be up to six months before full daily activities can be resumed.
Children may be asymptomatic or have a very mild disease. They can transmit the disease to susceptible adults for a prolonged period after illness through their bowel movements.
Prevention
This virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water and direct contact with infected individuals. Safe eating and drinking practices, as well as maintaining high standards of hygiene and sanitation, are vital for prevention.
Hepatitis A vaccines are also available, offering excellent long-term protection with minimal side effects. Vaccination is recommended for all travellers over the age of one travelling to countries where the disease occurs, as above. Vaccination is recommended for children over one, even though the disease may be mild, as they are a risk to others who are not immune to hepatitis A for weeks after infection. For travellers who require protection against hepatitis A and hepatitis B, a combined vaccine is available. Your doctor will discuss the suitability of these options for your circumstances.
Treatment
There is no treatment to shorten the duration of the illness. The disease is more severe in those over the age of 40, with some studies showing a mortality rate of up to 3% from liver failure.
Destinations
The following destinations are known to contain this disease:
Disclaimer: The following information is intended as a guide only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice.
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